Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the joints, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function. It is an autoimmune disease, meaning that the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, in this case, the synovium, which lines the joints. Over time, this can lead to joint damage and deformity, as well as other complications throughout the body.

RA can affect anyone, but it is more common in women than men and usually develops between the ages of 40 and 60. The cause of RA is not well understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Some of the risk factors for RA include smoking, obesity, and a family history of the disease.

Symptoms of RA can vary from person to person, but common signs include:
- Joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the hands, wrists, and feet
- Swelling and redness in the affected joints
- Joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the hands, wrists, and feet
- Swelling and redness in the affected joints
- Fatigue and a general feeling of being unwell
- Low-grade fever
- Low-grade fever
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Nodules, or small bumps that develop under the skin
- Eye inflammation, which can cause redness, pain, and sensitivity to light

The course of RA can also vary, with some people experiencing periods of remission and others having a more progressive course of disease. RA can affect not only the joints but also other parts of the body, including the heart, lungs, and eyes.

Diagnosis of RA typically involves a physical exam, blood tests to check for inflammation and the presence of antibodies associated with the disease, and imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI scans to look for joint damage. Treatment options for RA include medication, physical therapy, and surgery in some cases.

Medications used to treat RA include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain and inflammation, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to slow or stop the progression of the disease, and biologic agents that target specific aspects of the immune system. Physical therapy and exercise can help to maintain joint function and range of motion, while surgery may be necessary in some cases to repair or replace damaged joints.

Living with RA can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help manage the disease and improve quality of life. These can include support groups, assistive devices, and lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and quitting smoking. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with RA are able to manage their symptoms and continue to lead active, fulfilling lives.